The capability to replicate information with ease, changing it between contexts and applications, involves
privacy concerns because of the risks of disclosure when handling
sensitive information. Terms like
cloning,
copy forward,
carry forward, or
re-use refer to the dissemination of such information through documents, and may be subject to regulation by
administrative bodies.
[1]
History[edit]
Origins[edit]
The term "
cut and paste" comes from the traditional practice in manuscript-editings whereby people would literally cut paragraphs from a page with
scissors and physically
paste them onto another page. This practice remained standard into the 1980s. Stationery stores formerly sold "editing scissors" with blades long enough to cut an 8½"-wide page. The advent of
photocopiers made the practice easier and more flexible.
The act of copying/transferring text from one part of a computer-based document ("
buffer") to a different location within the same or different computer-based document was a part of the earliest on-line computer editors. As soon as computer data entry moved from punch-cards to online files (in the mid/late 1960s) there were "commands" for accomplishing this operation. This mechanism was often used to transfer frequently-used commands or text snippets from additional buffers into the document, as was the case with the
QED editor.
[2]
Early methods[edit]
The earliest editors, since they were designed for
teleprinter terminals, provided
keyboard commands to delineate contiguous regions of text, remove such regions, or move them to some other location in the file. Since moving a region of text required first removing it from its initial location and then inserting it into its new location various schemes had to be invented to allow for this multi-step process to be specified by the user.
Often this was done by the provision of a 'move' command, but some text editors required that the text be first put into some temporary location for later retrieval/placement. In 1983, the
Apple Lisa became the first text editing system to call that temporary location "the clipboard".
Earlier control schemes such as
NLS used a
verb-object command structure, where the command name was provided first and the object to be copied or moved was second. The inversion from
verb-object to
object-verb on which copy and paste are based, where the user selects the object to be operated before initiating the operation, was an innovation crucial for the success of the desktop metaphor as it allowed copy and move operations based on
direct manipulation.
[3]
Popularization[edit]
Inspired by early line and character editors that broke a move or copy operation into two steps—between which the user could invoke a preparatory action such as navigation—
Lawrence G. Tesler (Larry Tesler) proposed the names "cut" and "copy" for the first step and "paste" for the second step. Beginning in 1974, he and colleagues at
Xerox Corporation Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) implemented several text editors that used cut/copy-and-paste commands to move/copy text.
[4]
Apple Computer widely popularized the computer-based cut/copy-and-paste paradigm through the
Lisa (1983) and
Macintosh (1984) operating systems and applications. Apple mapped the functionalities to key combinations consisting of the
Command key (a special
modifier key) held down while typing the letters X (for cut), C (for copy), and V (for paste), choosing a handful of
keyboard sequences to control basic editing operations. The keys involved all cluster together at the left end of the bottom row of the standard
QWERTY keyboard, and each key is combined with a special
modifier key to perform the desired operation:
Similar patterns of key combinations, later borrowed by others, remain widely available today in most GUI text editors, word processors, and file system browsers.
Cut and paste[edit]
Computer-based editing can involve very frequent use of cut-and-paste operations. Most software-suppliers provide several methods for performing such tasks, and this can involve (for example) key combinations, pulldown menus, pop-up menus, or
toolbar buttons.
- The user selects or "highlights" the text or file for moving by some method, typically by dragging over the text or file name with the pointing-device or holding down the Shift key while using the arrow keys to move the text cursor
- The user performs a "cut" operation via key combination Ctrl+x (⌘+x for Macintosh users), menu, or other means
- Visibly, "cut" text immediately disappears from its location. "Cut" files typically change color to indicate that they will be moved.
- Conceptually, the text has now moved to a location often called the clipboard. The clipboard typically remains invisible. On most systems only one clipboard location exists, hence another cut or copy operation overwrites the previously stored information. Many UNIX text-editors provide multiple clipboard entries, as do some Macintosh programs such as Clipboard Master,[5] and Windows clipboard-manager programs such as the one in Microsoft Office.
- The user selects a location for insertion by some method, typically by clicking at the desired insertion point
- A paste operation takes place which visibly inserts the clipboard text at the insertion point. (The paste operation does not typically destroy the clipboard text: it remains available in the clipboard and the user can insert additional copies at other points)
Whereas cut-and-paste often takes place with a mouse-equivalent in Windows-like GUI environments, it may also occur entirely from the keyboard, especially in
UNIX text editors, such as
Pico or
vi. Cutting and pasting without a mouse can involve a selection (for which Ctrl+X is pressed in most graphical systems) or the entire current line, but it may also involve text after the
cursor until the end of the line and other more sophisticated operations.
When a software environment provides cut and paste functionality, a nondestructive operation called copy usually accompanies them; copy places a copy of the selected text in the clipboard without removing it from its original location.
The clipboard usually stays invisible, because the operations of cutting and pasting, while actually independent, usually take place in quick succession, and the user (usually) needs no assistance in understanding the operation or maintaining mental context.
Copy and paste[edit]
The term "copy-and-paste" refers to the popular, simple method of reproducing
text or other
data from a source to a destination. It differs from
cut and paste in that the original source text or data does not get deleted or removed. The popularity of this method stems from its simplicity and the ease with which users can move data between various applications visually - without resorting to
permanent storage.
Copying often takes place in
graphical user interface systems through use of the key combinations
Ctrl+C, or by using some other method, such as a
context menuor a
toolbar button. Once one has copied data into the area of memory referred to as the
clipboard, one may
paste the contents of the clipboard into a destination using the key combinations Ctrl+V, or other methods dependent on the system.
Macintosh computers use the key combinations
⌘C and ⌘V.
The
X Window System maintains an additional clipboard containing the most recently selected text; middle-clicking pastes the content of this "selection" clipboard into whatever the
pointer is on at that time.
Some programs not only copy and paste text, but also edit it during the process, such as
PureText (designed by
Steve Miller) which copies text from a table and removes the table during the pasting process.
Common keyboard shortcuts[edit]
| | Cut | Copy | Paste |
|---|
| Generic/Apple | Command+X | Command-C | Command-V |
|---|
| Windows/GNOME/KDE | control-X / shift-Delete | control-C / control-Insert | control-V / shift-Insert |
|---|
| BeOS | alt-X | alt-C | alt-V |
|---|
| Common User Access | shift+Delete | control+Insert | shift+Insert |
|---|
| Emacs | control-W (to mark)
control-K (to end of line) | meta-W (to mark) | control-Y |
|---|
| vi | d (delete) | y (yank) | p (put) |
|---|
| X Window System | | click-and-drag to highlight | middle mouse button |
|---|
Additional differences between moving and copying[edit]
In a spreadsheet, moving (cut and paste) need not equate to copying (copy and paste) and then deleting the original: when moving, references to the moved cells may move accordingly.
Windows Explorer also differentiates moving from merely copy-and-delete: a "cut" file will not actually disappear until pasted elsewhere and cannot be pasted more than once. The icon fades to show the transient "cut" state until it is pasted somewhere. Cutting a second file while the first one is cut will release the first from the "cut" state and leave it unchanged. Shift+Delete cannot be used to cut files; instead it deletes them without using the Recycle bin.
Multiple clipboards[edit]
Several GUI editors allow copying text into or pasting text from specific clipboards, typically using a special keystroke-sequence to specify a particular clipboard-number.
Clipboard managers can be very convenient productivity-enhancers by providing many more features than system-native clipboards. Thousands of clips from the clip history are available for future pasting, and can be searched, edited, or deleted. Favorite clips that a user frequently pastes (for example, the current date, or the various fields of a user's contact info) can be kept standing ready to be pasted with a few clicks or keystrokes.
Similarly, a
kill ring provides a
LIFO stack used for cut-and-paste operations as a type of clipboard capable of storing multiple pieces of data.
[6] For example, the
GNU Emacs text-editor provides a kill ring.
[7] Each time a user performs a cut or copy operation, the system adds the affected text to the ring. The user can then access the contents of a specific (relatively numbered) buffer in the ring when performing a subsequent paste-operation. One can also give kill-buffers individual names, thus providing another form of multiple-clipboard functionality.
Use in healthcare[edit]
Use in software development[edit]
See also[edit]
